The plant list includes 157 scientific plant names of species rank for the genus ephedra. Jennas simple, high yeilding ephedra extraction, stimulants and rhodium ephedra. Ephedra rupestris ingar i slaktet efedravaxter, och familjen ephedraceae. The various species of ephedra are widespread in many lands, native to southwestern north america, southern europe, northern africa, southwest and central asia, northern china and western south america in temperate climates, most ephedra species grow on shores or in sandy soils with. Since 2004, ephedra and ephedrine alkaloids, which are central nervous system stimulants, have been banned as a dietary supplement by the u. This study describes the preparation of an ephedrine alkaloidsfree ephedra herb extract efe by ionexchange column chromatography, as well as in vitro and in vivo evaluation of its. Ephedrafree dietary supplements pose potential health risks.
A member of the phylum gnetophyta, the ephedra genus is a perennial, dioecious shrub that reaches 1 12 to 4 feet tall 7. Plants profile for ephedra nevadensis nevada jointfir. Ephedra nevadensis nevada ephedra is a species of ephedra native to dry areas of western north america. Ephedra can cause severe lifethreatening or disabling conditions in some people.
Empacho is one of the most recognized culturalbound syndromes in argentina. Ephedra is the common name for three principal species. Distribution of ephedra vegetative features of ephedra anatomy of ephedra reproduction of ephedra embryogency of ephedra economic importance of. Purpose of assessment the federal office of consumer protection and food safety bvl, in collaboration with the als working party on dietary foods, nutrition and classification issues, has compiled a hit list of 10 substances, the consumption of which may pose a health risk. People have used ephedra for centuries in china for colds, fever, flu, headaches, asthma, nasal congestion, and wheezing. It is a digestive disorder with many causes, being excessive food intake the most frequent. An ephedra rupestris in uska species han plantae in nahilalakip ha divisio nga gnetophyta, ngan nga ginhulagway ni george bentham. Ephedra is an evolutionally isolated group and is the only genus in the order ephedrales. Ephedra herb uses alternative nature online herbal. The distinctive gymnosperm genus ephedra is sometimes considered to have originated over 200 million years myr ago on the basis of.
Ephedra has been used for centuries as a stimulant, commonly brewed as a tea. Meyer is a research ecologist at the usda forest services rocky mountain research station, shrub sciences laboratory,provo utah table 1ephedra,ephedra. Ephedra sinica, ephedra equisentina, and ephedra intermedia. Ephedra, a shrublike evergreen plant, contains several active alkaloid compounds, including ephedrine, pseudoephedrine and phenylpropanolamine, also known as norephedrine. Ephedrinetype alkaloid content of nutritional supplements containing ephedra sinica mahuang as determined by high performance liquid chromatography b. Pharmacological effects depend on the phytocomposition of individual ephedra species. Ephedra is particularly effective in improving the bronchial tubes or airways, thus it can successfully cure colds, hay fever, allergic rhinitis, asthma and other respiratory disorders.
Ars germplasm resources information network epne calphotos epne flora of north america epne integrated taxonomic information system epne. They often grow on shores or sandy places where they get a lot of sunlight. Ephedra extract 25mg the combination of these main ingredients with the other ingredients make this supplement so powerful and so effective. An ephedra rupestris in nahilalakip ha genus nga ephedra, ngan familia nga ephedraceae. Ephedrinetype alkaloid content of nutritional supplements. Plants of the ephedra family the ephedras produce naked seeds like the pines, but they form on a colored, cuplike structure called a perianth. Ephedra simple english wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. The text of this page is licensed under the creative commons attribution license version 3. While every effort has been made to provide the most reliable and uptodate information available, ultimate legal requirements with respect to species are contained in. However, it is not a legal authority for statutory or regulatory purposes. Cultivation requires some effort, prefers light sandy dry, acid, soil in sunny position, cannot grow in the shade and not selffertile, both male and female plants must be grown if seed is desired. The board of trustees of the royal botanic gardens, kew.
Ephedra rupestris 1 ar en karlvaxtart som beskrevs av george bentham. The history of ephedra mahuang abstract ephedra is a chinese shrub which has been used in china for medicinal purposes for several thousand years. Download fulltext pdf a new species of ephedra ephedraceae, ephedrales from india article pdf available in phytotaxa 2182. China is the worlds largest exporter of bulk ephedrine. The aim of this study was to measure the total alkaloids content tac, total phenolics content tpc, and total flavonoids content tfc and determine their relationship in dry herb of ephedra major.
There are multiple species of this genus that inhabit the desert regions in certain parts of the world. Ephedra may be found further east in dry areas where it has escaped cultivation. It is found in rocky and sandy soils, generally in areas without trees. Ephedra commonly known as joint pine, joint fir, mormon tea or brigham tea is the only genus in family ephedraceae and order ephedrales. Plants were and still are collected in autumn, sundried, and sectioned. Note that images and other media featured on this page are each governed by their own license, and they may or may not be available for reuse. Ephedra extract benefits as mentioned above, ephedra was widely used in traditional chinese medicine and other branches of alternative medicine. The medicinal significance of ephedra is based on the sympathomimetic properties of ephedrine e alkaloids. A read is counted each time someone views a publication summary such as the title, abstract, and list of authors, clicks on a figure, or views or downloads the fulltext. While ephedra is considered to be a weightloss drug, the doses recommended for losing weight mostly exceed the usual prescribed limit.
Gardner contribution from departments of pharmaceutics and pharmacy practice, college of pharmacy, university of arkansas for medical sciences, 4301 west markham street, slot 522, little. Estimation of the age of extant ephedra using chloroplast rbc l. In china, it has been used over 2000 years in herbal medicine to treat bronchial asthma, the cold, flu, wheezing, and edema. Download fulltext pdf download fulltext pdf download fulltext pdf. The solution found to making an fda compliant ephedra product is to put ephedra extract with adenosine monophosphate or with dmaa, which is equally as good or better. This and does lipodrene work are some of the most popular questions we get here at stinger supplements. The plant list includes a further 79 scientific plant names of infraspecific rank for the genus ephedra. Ephedra definition and meaning collins english dictionary. It was then forgotten until it was rediscovered by. Polarity, aperture condition and germination in pollen grains of. It is widely distributed in temperate areas of eurasia, northern africa, southwestern north america, and western south america, where it is often abundant in dry and open habitats. These are primarily included because names of species rank are synonyms. Issn 23203862 qualitative and quantities analysis of.
Ephedra is a genus of gymnosperm shrubs, the only genus in its family, ephedraceae, and order, ephedrales. Ephedra is a genus of gymnosperm shrubs, the only genus in its family, ephedraceae, and. An overview of the use of plants and animals in traditional medicine. We do not intend the plant list to be complete for names of infraspecific rank. Ephedra and ephedrine alkaloids for weight loss and. Download our english dictionary apps available for both ios and android. Some even say that it is the next generation of ephedrine alkaloids. Some asian species have been used as a source of the stimulant ephedrine, and many are important in herbal medicine. The ephedra plant has been identified as an excellent source of ephedrine and pseudoephedrine, both of which can be chemically reduced to form the widely abused illicit drug methamphetamine. Ephedra is also prescribed for symptoms of cold and flu, including nasal congestion, cough, fever, and chills. Some dozen or so species occur in the western united states, with three ephedra viridis, ephedra cutleri, ephedra torreyana common in the four corners area. Ephedra is an evergreen shrublike plant native to central asia, and mongolia. The pure alkaloid ephedrine was first isolated and characterised by nagai in 1885. Ephedra foliate, a member of the ephedraceae family, is native to north africa and.
Ephedra in world checklist of selected plant families. Sideeffects, such as high blood pressure, rapid heart beat, nervousness, irritability, headache, urination disturbances and insomnia, can be experienced, especially when the herb is consumed as a recreational drug. Ephedra is the sole genus in ephedraceae dumortier 1829, which many authors designate as the sole family in order ephedrales dumortier 1829. Volume 155, issue 2, 11 september 2014, pages 10931117. If you are looking to buy ephedrine diet pills that contain the ephedrine alkaloids, then we recommend megadrine with real ephedra as its more effective and a better alternative to ephedrine alkaloid products. Ginklasipika han iucn an species komo diri gud kababarakan. Thus it superficially appears that these plants are an evolutionary link between the conifers and the true flowering plants. Ephedra species are found naturally in many places, like southwestern north america, southern europe, northern africa, southwest and central asia, northern china and western south america ephedra species often grow in the temperate zone. Ephedrine and pseudoephedrine stimulate the opening of air passages in the lungs and are used as decongestants.
Grapevine rupestris stem pittingassociated virus grspav. These findings indicate that ephedrafree dietary supplements could have some of the same adverse health effects associated with previously available ephedra products, such as metabolife 356 and ripped fuel, said christine haller, md, ucsf assistant professor of medicine and lead author of. Ephedra the ephedra family, ephedraceae, has but one genus, ephedra. Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi modulates dynamics tolerance. An evergreen shrub growing 2 to 3 feet high with no leaves. Ephedra use is linked to high blood pressure, heart attacks, muscle disorders, seizures, strokes, irregular heartbeat, loss of consciousness, and death. Ephedra ephedra sinica, also called ma huang, is an herb that has been used in traditional chinese medicine tcm for more than 5,000 years, primarily to treat asthma, bronchitis, and hay fever. It is easily diagnosed in household medicine and there are different treatments applied for releasing the obstruction of the gastrointestinal tract. Deep divergences in ephedra have been addressed in several studies in the past and. Itis taxonomy is based on the latest scientific consensus available, and is provided as a general reference source for interested parties. When react the raw product from a crude ephedra extraction, you will get a product which contains most methamphetamin and a little amphetamine and. Ephedra ephedra sinica plant profiler sigmaaldrich. Dahlgrenodendron, a remarkable new genus oflauraceae.
Scientific assessment of ephedra species ephedra spp. Ephedra, genus of 65 species of gymnosperm shrubs of the family ephedraceae. Where is the real ephedra with ephedrine alkaloids. The spread of vn, at the moment, seems to be linked exclusively to the marketing of infected propagating. Its range extends west to california and oregon, east to texas, and south to baja california, including areas of the great basin, colorado plateau and desert southwest. We carry a huge selection of real ephedra dietary supplements which are made from the more. Ephedra viridis is the most common ephedra in our area, but any one of the three. Ephedra ephedra altissima, where it is an herbal stimulant drug composed of two active compounds pseudoephedrine and ephedrine and that are of ingredients in many overthebe produced by chemical sant tasting. Ephedra grass is grown and cultivated in many parts of china and india on governmentowned farms. A new species of ephedra ephedraceae, ephedrales from india.
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